FreeBSD Handbook

4.4.1. Makefile

4.4.2. The files directory

4.4.3. The patches directory

4.4.4. The pkg directory

4.5. What to do when a port does not work.

4.6. Some Questions and Answers

4.7. Making a port yourself

4.7.1. Quick Porting

4.7.1.1. Writing the Makefile

4.7.1.2. Writing the description files

COMMENT

DESCR

PLIST

4.7.1.3. Creating the checksum file

4.7.1.4. Testing the port

4.7.1.5. Checking your port with portlint

4.7.1.6. Submitting the port

4.7.2. Slow Porting

4.7.2.1. How things work

4.7.2.2. Getting the original sources

4.7.2.3. Modifying the port

4.7.2.4. Patching

4.7.2.5. Configuring

4.7.2.6. Handling user input

4.7.3. Configuring the Makefile

4.7.3.1. The original source

4.7.3.2. DISTNAME

4.7.3.3. PKGNAME

4.7.3.4. CATEGORIES

4.7.3.5. MASTER_SITES

4.7.3.6. PATCHFILES

4.7.3.7. MAINTAINER

4.7.3.8. Dependencies

DEPENDS

Common dependency variables

Notes on dependencies

4.7.3.9. Building mechanisms

4.7.4. Special Considerations

4.7.4.1. ldconfig

4.7.4.2. ELF support

Moving a.out libraries out of the way

Format

PORTOBJFORMAT

Building shared libraries

LIB_DEPENDS

PLIST

ldconfig

4.7.4.3. MASTERDIR

4.7.4.4. Shared library versions

4.7.4.5. Manpages

4.7.4.6. Ports that require Motif

REQUIRES_MOTIF

${MOTIFLIB}

4.7.4.7. X11 fonts

4.7.4.8. Info files

4.7.5. The pkg Subdirectory

4.7.5.1. MESSAGE

4.7.5.2. INSTALL

4.7.5.3. REQ

4.7.5.4. Changing PLIST based on make variables

4.7.5.5. Changing the names of files in the pkg subdirectory

4.7.6. Licensing Problems

4.7.7. Upgrading

4.7.8. Do's and Dont's

4.7.8.1. Strip Binaries

4.7.8.2. INSTALL_* macros

4.7.8.3. WRKDIR

4.7.8.4. WRKDIRPREFIX

4.7.8.5. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions

4.7.8.6. Writing something after bsd.port.mk

4.7.8.7. Install additional documentation

4.7.8.8. DIST_SUBDIR

4.7.8.9. RCS strings

4.7.8.10. Recursive diff

4.7.8.11. PREFIX

4.7.8.12. Subdirectories

4.7.8.13. Cleaning up empty directories

4.7.8.14. UIDs

4.7.8.15. Do things rationally

4.7.8.16. Respect CFLAGS

4.7.8.17. Configuration files

4.7.8.18. Portlint

4.7.8.19. Feedback

4.7.8.20. Miscellanea

4.7.8.21. If you are stuck....

4.7.9. A Sample Makefile

4.7.10. Package Names

4.7.11. Categories

4.7.11.1. Current list of categories

4.7.11.2. Choosing the right category

4.7.12. Changes to this document and the ports system

4.7.13. That is It, Folks!

5. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel

5.1. Why Build a Custom Kernel?

5.2. Building and Installing a Custom Kernel

5.3. The Configuration File

5.3.1. Mandatory Keywords

5.3.2. General Options

5.3.3. Filesystem Options

5.3.4. Basic Controllers and Devices

5.3.5. SCSI Device Support

5.3.6. Console, Bus Mouse, and X Server Support

5.3.7. Serial and Parallel Ports

5.3.8. Networking

5.3.9. Sound cards

5.3.10. Pseudo-devices

5.3.11. Joystick, PC Speaker, Miscellaneous

5.4. Making Device Nodes

5.5. If Something Goes Wrong

6. Security

6.1. DES, MD5, and Crypt

6.1.1. Recognizing your `crypt' mechanism

6.2. S/Key

6.2.1. Secure connection initialization

6.2.2. Insecure connection initialization

6.2.3. Diversion: a login prompt

6.2.4. Generating a single one-time password

6.2.5. Generating multiple one-time passwords

6.2.6. Restricting use of UNIX passwords

6.3. Kerberos

6.3.1. Creating the initial database

6.3.2. Making it all run

6.3.3. Creating the server file

6.3.4. Populating the database

6.3.5. Testing it all out

6.3.6. Adding su privileges

6.3.7. Using other commands

6.4. Firewalls

6.4.1. What is a firewall?

6.4.1.1. Packet filtering routers

6.4.1.2. Proxy servers

6.4.2. What does IPFW allow me to do?

6.4.3. Enabling IPFW on FreeBSD

6.4.4. Configuring IPFW

6.4.4.1. Altering the IPFW rules

6.4.4.2. Listing the IPFW rules

6.4.4.3. Flushing the IPFW rules

6.4.4.4. Clearing the IPFW packet counters

6.4.5. Example commands for ipfw

6.4.6. Building a packet filtering firewall

7. Printing

7.1. What the Spooler Does

7.2. Why You Should Use the Spooler

7.3. Setting Up the Spooling System

7.4. Simple Printer Setup

7.4.1. Hardware Setup

7.4.1.1. Ports and Cables

7.4.1.2. Parallel Ports

7.4.1.3. Serial Ports

7.4.2. Software Setup

7.4.2.1. Kernel Configuration

Adding /dev Entries for the Ports

Setting the Communication Mode for the Parallel Port

Checking Printer Communications

Checking a Parallel Printer

Checking a Serial Printer

7.4.2.2. Enabling the Spooler: The /etc/printcap File

Naming the Printer

Suppressing Header Pages

Making the Spooling Directory

Identifying the Printer Device

Configuring Spooler Communication

Installing the Text Filter

Trying It Out

Troubleshooting

7.5. Using Printers

7.5.1. Printing Jobs

7.5.2. Checking Jobs

7.5.3. Removing Jobs

7.5.4. Beyond Plain Text: Printing Options

7.5.4.1. Formatting and Conversion Options

7.5.4.2. Job Handling Options

7.5.4.3. Header Page Options

7.5.5. Administrating Printers

7.6. Advanced Printer Setup

7.6.1. Filters

7.6.1.1. How Filters Work

7.6.1.2. Accommodating Plain Text Jobs on PostScript Printers

7.6.1.3. Simulating PostScript on Non-PostScript Printers

7.6.1.4. Conversion Filters

Why Install Conversion Filters?

Which Conversions Filters Should I Install?

Installing Conversion Filters

More Conversion Filter Examples

Automated Conversion: An Alternative To Conversion Filters

7.6.1.5. Output Filters

7.6.1.6. lpf: a Text Filter

7.6.2. Header Pages

7.6.2.1. Enabling Header Pages

7.6.2.2. Controlling Header Pages

7.6.2.3. Accounting for Header Pages

7.6.2.4. Header Pages on PostScript Printers

7.6.3. Networked Printing

7.6.3.1. Printers Installed on Remote Hosts

7.6.3.2. Printers with Networked Data Stream Interfaces

7.6.4. Restricting Printer Usage

7.6.4.1. Restricting Multiple Copies

7.6.4.2. Restricting Access To Printers

7.6.4.3. Controlling Sizes of Jobs Submitted

7.6.4.4. Restricting Jobs from Remote Printers

7.6.5. Accounting for Printer Usage

7.6.5.1. Quick and Dirty Printer Accounting

7.6.5.2. How Can You Count Pages Printed?

7.7. Alternatives to the Standard Spooler

7.8. Acknowledgments

8. Disks

8.1. Using sysinstall

8.2. Using command line utilities

8.2.1. * Using Slices

8.2.2. Dedicated

8.3. * Non-traditional Drives

8.3.1. * Zip Drives

8.3.2. * Jazz Drives

8.3.3. * Sequest Drives

9. Backups

9.1. * What about backups to floppies?

9.2. Tape Media

9.2.1. 4mm (DDS: Digital Data Storage)

9.2.2. 8mm (Exabyte)

9.2.3. QIC

9.2.4. * Mini-Cartridge

9.2.5. DLT

9.2.6. Using a new tape for the first time

9.3. Backup Programs

9.3.1. Dump and Restore

9.3.2. Tar

9.3.3. Cpio

9.3.4. Pax

9.3.5. Amanda

9.3.6. Do nothing

9.3.7. Which Backup Program is Best?

9.3.8. Emergency Restore Procedure

9.3.8.1. Before the Disaster

9.3.8.2. After the Disaster

9.3.8.3. * I did not prepare for the Disaster, What Now?

10. Disk Quotas

10.1. Configuring Your System to Enable Disk Quotas

10.2. Setting Quota Limits

10.3. Checking Quota Limits and Disk Usage

10.4. * Quotas over NFS

11. The X Window System

12. PC Hardware compatibility

12.1. Resources on the Internet

12.2. Sample Configurations

12.2.1. Jordan's Picks

12.2.1.1. Motherboards

12.2.1.2. Disk Controllers

12.2.1.3. Disk drives

12.2.1.4. CDROM drives

12.2.1.5. CD Recordable (WORM) drives

12.2.1.6. Tape drives

12.2.1.7. Video Cards

12.2.1.8. Monitors

12.2.1.9. Networking

12.2.1.10. Serial

12.2.1.11. Audio

12.2.1.12. Video

12.3. Core/Processing

12.3.1. Motherboards, busses, and chipsets

12.3.1.1. * ISA

12.3.1.2. * EISA

12.3.1.3. * VLB

12.3.1.4. PCI

12.3.2. CPUs/FPUs

12.3.2.1. P6 class (Pentium Pro/Pentium II)

12.3.2.2. Pentium class

Clock speeds

The AMD K6 Bug

12.3.2.3. * 486 class

12.3.2.4. * 386 class

12.3.2.5. 286 class

12.3.3. * Memory

12.3.4. * BIOS

12.4. Input/Output Devices

12.4.1. * Video cards

12.4.2. * Sound cards

12.4.3. Serial ports and multiport cards

12.4.3.1. The UART: What it is and how it works

Synchronous Serial Transmission

Asynchronous Serial Transmission

Other UART Functions

The RS232-C and V.24 Standards

RS232-C Bit Assignments (Marks and Spaces)

RS232-C Break Signal

RS232-C DTE and DCE Devices

RS232-C Pin Assignments

Bits, Baud and Symbols

The IBM Personal Computer UART

National Semiconductor UART Family Tree

The NS16550AF and the PC16550D are the same thing

National Semiconductor Part Numbering System

Other Vendors and Similar UARTs

8250/16450/16550 Registers

Beyond the 16550A UART

12.4.3.2. Configuring the sio driver

Digi International (DigiBoard) PC/8

Boca 16

12.4.3.3. Configuring the cy driver

12.4.4. * Parallel ports

12.4.5. * Modems

12.4.6. * Network cards

12.4.7. * Keyboards

12.4.8. * Mice

12.4.9. * Other

12.5. Storage Devices

12.5.1. Using ESDI hard disks

12.5.1.1. Concepts of ESDI

Physical connections

Device addressing

Termination

12.5.1.2. Using ESDI disks with FreeBSD

ESDI speed variants

Stay on track

Hard or soft sectoring

12.5.1.3. Particulars on ESDI hardware

Adaptec 2320 controllers

Western Digital WD1007 controllers

Ultrastor U14F controllers

12.5.1.4. Further reading

12.5.1.5. Thanks to...

12.5.2. What is SCSI?

12.5.2.1. Components of SCSI

12.5.2.2. SCSI bus types

12.5.2.3. Using SCSI with FreeBSD

About translations, BIOSes and magic...

SCSI subsystem design

Kernel configuration

Tuning your SCSI kernel setup

Rogue SCSI devices

Multiple LUN devices

Tagged command queueing

Busmaster host adapters

12.5.2.4. Tracking down problems

12.5.2.5. Further reading

12.5.3. * Disk/tape controllers

12.5.3.1. * SCSI

12.5.3.2. * IDE

12.5.3.3. * Floppy

12.5.4. Hard drives

12.5.4.1. SCSI hard drives

Rotational speed

Form factor

Interface

12.5.4.2. * IDE hard drives

12.5.5. Tape drives

12.5.5.1. General tape access commands

12.5.5.2. Controller Interfaces

12.5.5.3. SCSI drives

4mm (DAT: Digital Audio Tape)

8mm (Exabyte)

QIC (Quarter-Inch Cartridge)

DLT (Digital Linear Tape)

Mini-Cartridge

Autoloaders/Changers

12.5.5.4. * IDE drives

12.5.5.5. Floppy drives

12.5.5.6. * Parallel port drives

12.5.5.7. Detailed Information

12.5.5.8. * Problem drives

12.5.6. CD-ROM drives

12.5.7. * Other

12.6. * Other

12.6.1. * PCMCIA

13. Localization

13.1. Russian Language (KOI8-R encoding)

13.1.1. Console Setup

13.1.2. Locale Setup

13.1.2.1. Login Class Method

How to do it with vipw(8)

How to do it with adduser(8)

How to do it with pw(8)

13.1.2.2. Shell Startup Files Method

13.1.3. Printer Setup

13.1.4. MSDOS FS and Russian file names

13.1.5. X Window Setup

13.2. German Language (ISO 8859-1)

14. Serial Communications

14.1. Serial Basics

14.2. Terminals

14.2.1. Uses and Types of Terminals

14.2.1.1. Dumb Terminals

14.2.1.2. PCs Acting As Terminals

14.2.1.3. X Terminals

14.2.2. Cables and Ports

14.2.2.1. Cables

Null-modem cables

Standard RS-232C Cables

14.2.2.2. Ports

Kinds of Ports

Port Names

14.2.3. Configuration

14.2.3.1. Adding an Entry to /etc/ttys

14.2.3.2. Specifying the getty Type

14.2.3.3. Specifying the Default Terminal Type

14.2.3.4. Enabling the Port

14.2.3.5. Specifying Secure Ports

14.2.3.6. Force init to Reread

14.2.4. Debugging your connection

14.3. Dialin Service

14.3.1. Prerequisites

14.3.1.1. FreeBSD Version

14.3.1.2. Terminology

14.3.1.3. External vs. Internal Modems

14.3.1.4. Modems and Cables

14.3.1.5. Serial Interface Considerations

14.3.2. Quick Overview

14.3.3. Kernel Configuration

14.3.4. Device Special Files

14.3.4.1. Making Device Special Files

14.3.5. Configuration Files

14.3.5.1. /etc/gettytab

Locked-Speed Config

Matching-Speed Config

14.3.5.2. /etc/ttys

Locked-Speed Config

Matching-Speed Config

14.3.5.3. /etc/rc.serial or /etc/rc.local

14.3.6. Modem Settings

14.3.6.1. Locked-speed Config

14.3.6.2. Matching-speed Config

14.3.6.3. Checking the Modem's Configuration

14.3.7. Troubleshooting

14.3.7.1. Checking out the FreeBSD system

14.3.7.2. Try Dialing In

14.3.8. Acknowledgments

14.4. Dialout Service

14.4.1. Why cannot I run tip or cu?

14.4.2. My stock Hayes modem is not supported, what can I do?

14.4.3. How am I expected to enter these AT commands?

14.4.4. The @ sign for the pn capability does not work!

14.4.5. How can I dial a phone number on the command line?

14.4.6. Do I have to type in the bps rate every time I do that?

14.4.7. I access a number of hosts through a terminal server.

14.4.8. Can tip try more than one line for each site?

14.4.9. Why do I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P once?

14.4.10. Suddenly everything I type is in UPPER CASE??

14.4.11. How can I do file transfers with tip?

14.4.12. How can I run zmodem with tip?

15. PPP and SLIP

15.1. Setting up User PPP

15.1.1. Before you start

15.1.2. Building a ppp ready kernel

15.1.3. Check the tun device

15.1.4. Name Resolution Configuration

15.1.4.1. Edit the /etc/host.conf file

15.1.4.2. Edit the /etc/hosts(5) file

15.1.4.3. Edit the /etc/resolv.conf file

15.1.5. PPP Configuration

15.1.5.1. PPP and Static IP addresses

15.1.5.2. PPP and Dynamic IP addresses

15.1.5.3. Receiving incoming calls with PPP

Which getty?

PPP permissions

Setting up a PPP shell for dynamic-IP users

Setting up a PPP shell for static-IP users

Setting up ppp.conf for dynamic-IP users

Setting up ppp.conf for static-IP users

More on mgetty, AutoPPP, and MS extensions

Mgetty and AutoPPP

MS extentions

15.1.5.4. PAP and CHAP authentication

15.1.5.5. Changing your ppp configuration on the fly

15.1.6. Final system configuration

15.1.7. Summary

15.1.8. Acknowledgments

15.2. Setting up Kernel PPP

15.2.1. Working as a PPP client

15.2.2. Working as a PPP server

15.3. Setting up a SLIP Client

15.3.1. Things you have to do only once

15.3.2. Making a SLIP connection

15.3.3. How to shutdown the connection

15.3.4. Troubleshooting

15.4. Setting up a SLIP Server

15.4.1. Prerequisites

15.4.2. Quick Overview

15.4.2.1. An Example of a SLIP Server Login

15.4.3. Kernel Configuration

15.4.4. Sliplogin Configuration

15.4.4.1. slip.hosts Configuration

15.4.4.2. slip.login Configuration

15.4.4.3. slip.logout Configuration

15.4.5. Routing Considerations

15.4.5.1. Static Routes

15.4.5.2. Running gated

15.4.6. Acknowledgments

16. Advanced Networking

16.1. Gateways and Routes

16.1.1. An example

16.1.2. Default routes

16.1.3. Dual homed hosts

16.1.4. Routing propagation

16.1.5. Troubleshooting

16.2. NFS

16.3. Diskless Operation

16.3.1. Setup Instructions

16.3.2. Using Shared / and /usr filesystems

16.3.3. Compiling netboot for specific setups

16.4. ISDN

16.4.1. ISDN Cards

16.4.2. ISDN Terminal Adapters

16.4.3. Standalone ISDN Bridges/Routers

17. Electronic Mail

17.1. Basic Information

17.1.1. User program

17.1.2. Mailhost Server Daemon

17.1.3. DNS - Name Service

17.1.4. POP Servers

17.2. Configuration

17.2.1. Basic

17.2.2. Mail for your Domain (Network).

17.2.3. Setting up UUCP.

17.3. FAQ

17.3.1. Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?

17.3.2. Sendmail says ``mail loops back to myself''

17.3.3. How can I do E-Mail with a dialup PPP host?

18. The Cutting Edge: FreeBSD-current and FreeBSD-stable

18.1. Staying Current with FreeBSD

18.2. Staying Stable with FreeBSD

18.3. Synchronizing Source Trees over the Internet

18.3.1. Anonymous CVS

18.3.1.1. Introduction

18.3.1.2. Using Anonymous CVS

18.3.1.3. Examples

18.3.1.4. Other Resources

18.3.2. CTM

18.3.2.1. Why should I use CTM?

18.3.2.2. What do I need to use CTM?

18.3.2.3. Starting off with CTM for the first time

18.3.2.4. Using CTM in your daily life

18.3.2.5. Keeping your local changes

18.3.2.6. Other interesting CTM options

Finding out exactly what would be touched by an update

Making backups before updating

Restricting the files touched by an update

18.3.2.7. Future plans for CTM

18.3.2.8. Miscellaneous stuff

18.3.2.9. Thanks!

18.3.3. CVSup

18.3.3.1. Introduction

18.3.3.2. Installation

18.3.3.3. Configuration

18.3.3.4. Running CVSup

18.3.3.5. CVSup File Collections

18.3.3.6. Announcements, Questions, and Bug Reports

18.4. Using make world to rebuild your system

19. Contributing to FreeBSD

19.1. What Is Needed

19.1.1. High priority tasks

19.1.2. Medium priority tasks

19.1.3. Low priority tasks

19.1.4. Smaller tasks

19.2. How to Contribute

19.2.1. Bug reports and general commentary

19.2.2. Changes to the documentation

19.2.3. Changes to existing source code

19.2.4. New code or major value-added packages

19.2.5. Money, Hardware or Internet access

19.2.5.1. Donating funds

19.2.5.2. Donating hardware

19.2.5.3. Donating Internet access

19.3. Donors Gallery

19.4. Core Team Alumnus

19.5. Derived Software Contributors

19.6. Additional FreeBSD Contributors

19.7. 386BSD Patch Kit Patch Contributors

20. Source Tree Guidelines and Policies

20.1. MAINTAINER on Makefiles

20.2. Contributed Software

20.3. Shared Libraries

21. Adding New Kernel Configuration Options

21.1. What's a Kernel Option, Anyway?

21.2. Now What Do I Have to Do for it?

22. Kernel Debugging

22.1. Debugging a Kernel Crash Dump with KGDB

22.1.1. Debugging a crash dump with DDD

22.2. Post-mortem Analysis of a Dump

22.3. On-line Kernel Debugging Using DDB

22.4. On-line Kernel Debugging Using Remote GDB

22.5. Debugging a Console Driver

23. Linux Emulation

23.1. How to Install the Linux Emulator

23.1.1. Installing Linux Emulation in 2.1-STABLE

23.1.2. Installing Linux Emulation in 2.2.2-RELEASE and later

23.1.3. Installing Linux Runtime Libraries

23.1.3.1. Installing using the linux_lib port

23.1.3.2. Installing libraries manually

23.1.3.3. How to install additional shared libraries

23.1.3.4. Configuring the ld.so -- for FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE and later

23.1.4. Installing Linux ELF binaries

23.1.5. Configuring the host name resolver

23.1.6. Finding the necessary files

23.2. How to Install Mathematica on FreeBSD

23.2.1. Unpacking the Mathematica distribution

23.2.2. Obtaining your Mathematica Password

23.2.3. Bugs

23.2.4. Acknowledgments

24. FreeBSD Internals

24.1. The FreeBSD Booting Process

24.1.1. Loading a kernel

24.1.2. Determine the root filesystem

24.1.3. Initialize user-land things

24.1.4. Interesting combinations

24.2. PC Memory Utilization

24.3. DMA: What it Is and How it Works

24.3.1. A Sample DMA transfer

24.3.2. DMA Page Registers and 16Meg address space limitations

24.3.3. DMA Operational Modes and Settings

24.3.4. Programming the DMA

24.3.5. DMA Port Map

24.3.5.1. 0x00 - 0x1f DMA Controller #1 (Channels 0, 1, 2 and 3)

24.3.5.2. 0xc0 - 0xdf DMA Controller #2 (Channels 4, 5, 6 and 7)

24.3.5.3. 0x80 - 0x9f DMA Page Registers

24.3.5.4. 0x400 - 0x4ff 82374 Enhanced DMA Registers

24.4. The FreeBSD VM System

24.4.1. Management of physical memory - vm_page_t

24.4.2. The unified buffer cache - vm_object_t

24.4.3. Filesystem I/O - struct buf

24.4.4. Mapping Page Tables - vm_map_t, vm_entry_t

24.4.5. KVM Memory Mapping

24.4.6. Tuning the FreeBSD VM system

25. Obtaining FreeBSD

25.1. CD-ROM Publishers

25.2. FTP Sites

25.3. CTM Sites

25.4. CVSup Sites

25.5. AFS Sites

26. Bibliography

26.1. Books & Magazines Specific to FreeBSD

26.2. Users' Guides

26.3. Administrators' Guides

26.4. Programmers' Guides

26.5. Operating System Internals

26.6. Security Reference

26.7. Hardware Reference

26.8. UNIX History

26.9. Magazines and Journals

27. Resources on the Internet

27.1. Mailing lists

27.1.1. List summary

27.1.2. How to subscribe

27.1.3. List charters

27.2. Usenet newsgroups

27.2.1. BSD specific newsgroups

27.2.2. Other Unix newsgroups of interest

27.2.3. X Window System

27.3. World Wide Web servers

28. FreeBSD Project Staff

28.1. The FreeBSD Core Team

28.2. The FreeBSD Developers

28.3. The FreeBSD Documentation Project

28.4. Who Is Responsible for What

29. PGP keys

29.1. Officers

29.1.1. FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@freebsd.org>

29.1.2. Warner Losh

29.2. Core Team members

29.2.1. Satoshi Asami

29.2.2. Jonathan M. Bresler

29.2.3. Andrey A. Chernov

29.2.4. Jordan K. Hubbard

29.2.5. Poul-Henning Kamp

29.2.6. Rich Murphey

29.2.7. John Polstra

29.2.8. Guido van Rooij

29.2.9. Peter Wemm

29.2.10. Jörg Wunsch

29.3. Developers

29.3.1. Wolfram Schneider

29.3.2. Brian Somers