RFC2047 (Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text) specifies how non-ASCII text in headers are to be encoded. This is actually rather complicated, so a number of variables are necessary to tweak what this library does.
The following variables are tweakable:
rfc2047-default-charset
iso-8859-1.
rfc2047-header-encoding-list
t.
The values can be either nil, in which case the header(s) in
question won't be encoded, or mime, which means that they will be
encoded.
rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist
Q (a
Quoted-Printable-like encoding) and B (base64).  This alist
specifies which charset should use which encoding.
rfc2047-encoding-function-alist
Q, B and nil.
rfc2047-q-encoding-alist
Q encoding isn't quite the same for all headers.  Some
headers allow a narrower range of characters, and that is what this
variable is for.  It's an alist of header regexps / allowable character
ranges.
rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp
Those were the variables, and these are this functions:
rfc2047-narrow-to-field
rfc2047-encode-message-header
rfc2047-header-encoding-alist.
rfc2047-encode-region
rfc2047-encode-string
rfc2047-decode-region
rfc2047-decode-string
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